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October was a banner month for biochemistry and molecular biology. Researchers across the field earned major honors, including MacArthur Fellowships, a Nobel Prize and the Kimberly Prize, celebrating discoveries that are transforming medicine and deepening our understanding of life at the molecular level.

MacArthur Fellowship goes to structural biologist

VIVIAN ABAGIU, UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN

Jason McLellan holds a model of a SARS-CoV-2 surface protein.

The MacArthur Foundation announced the class of , 25 innovators each awarded $800,000 for creativity, impact and promise. Among them was structural biologist , professor of molecular biosciences at the University of Texas at Austin.

McLellan uses X-ray crystallography to reveal how viral surface proteins fold, function, and interact. By introducing precise sequence changes, his team can “lock” viral proteins into stable shapes that elicit strong, predictable immune responses. These engineered proteins became the blueprint for groundbreaking vaccines against the respiratory syncytial virus, a pathogen that can cause severe illness in infants and older adults, and SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.

McLellan’s next goal: a universal coronavirus vaccine to protect against illnesses, including COVID-19, the common cold and more. In a press release, the MacArthur Foundation as “critical to protecting human health from the continual emergence of new infectious diseases.”

Nobel Prize honors work on immune tolerance

Niklas Elmehed, the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine

The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet awarded the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell and Shimon Sakaguchi.

The was awarded to of the Institute for Systems Biology in Seattle, of Sonoma Biotherapeutics and of Osaka University for uncovering how a class of immune cells calls T regulatory cells provides the molecular basis of immune tolerance, the system that prevents immune cells from attacking the body’s own tissues.

A healthy immune system relies on T cells to recognize and attack foreign invaders. But sometimes, these cells mistakenly target the body’s own tissues, a misfire that triggers autoimmune disease.

Mattias Karlén, the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine

Treg cells stop immune cells from attacking the body’s own tissues.

In 1995, Sakaguchi discovered a rare subset of T cells that suppress immune activity called regulatory T cells, or Tregs. His finding reframed the immune system not only as an engine of activation, but as one equally dependent on suppression for balance and self-tolerance.

Around the same time, Brunkow and Ramsdell were studying a mouse line called scurfy, which suffered from an unknown autoimmune disorder. Brunkow and Ramsdell knew the mutation was linked to the X chromosome and combed through the almost 170 million chromosomal base pairs to find the genetic link. They identified Foxp3 as the responsible gene and proposed that it was a transcription factor. They also established a genetic link to human disease, showing that the FOXP3 gene in humans was associated with a rare autoimmune disease called IPEX. Subsequently, Sakaguchi demonstrated that Foxp3 is a master regulator of regulatory T cells and critical for their development.

Their collective work laid the foundation for understanding how the body regulates immune self-tolerance and identified new pathways for treating autoimmune diseases and cancer. In a , Olle Kämpe, chair of the Nobel Committee, said “their discoveries have been decisive for our understanding of how the immune system functions.”

Kimberly Prize recognizes biochemist

Credit: Chris Taggart, Rockefeller University

Svetlana Mojsov

Biochemist , a research associate professor at the Rockefeller University, received the from the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and the . The $250,000 prize, coordinated by Kimberly Querrey in honor of her late husband and Northwestern benefactor , is presented annually to a scientist whose research into foundational molecular biology has led to clinical advances that improve human health.

Mojsov identified and characterized glucagon-like peptide 1, or GLP-1, a gut hormone that helps regulate blood sugar, appetite and metabolism. When nutrients enter the digestive tract, L cells in the gut release GLP-1, which then signals the pancreas to secrete insulin.

Her discovery paved the way for GLP-1 receptor agonists—a new class of drugs that mimic the hormone’s effects. These medicines, now household names, are transforming the treatment of type 2 diabetes, obesity and metabolic disease.

In a , , director of the Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, said Mojsov’s work “exemplifies the complete arc of discovery to global impact” and has “laid the foundation for life-changing therapies for type 2 diabetes and obesity.”